Commands of msw logo12/1/2022 ![]() ![]() It is traditionally and most often represented pictorially either as a triangle or a turtle icon (though it can be represented by any icon). Logo's best-known feature is the turtle, which is an on-screen cursor (derived originally from a robot of the same name), which can be given movement and drawing instructions, and is used to programmatically produce line graphics. It is a teaching language, but its list handling facilities make it remarkably useful for producing useful scripts. ![]() There is no standard Logo, but UCBLogo is highly regarded. It is a compromise between a sequential programming language with block structures, and a functional programming language. Logo is not case-sensitive but retains the case used for formatting. Logo is generally known as an interpreted language, although recently there have been developed compiled Logo dialects-such as Lhogho or Liogo. The virtual and physical turtles were first used by fifth graders at the Bridge School in Lexington, MA in 1970-71. The earliest year-long school users of Logo were in 1968-69 at Muzzey Jr High, Lexington MA. Later, BBN developed a turtle named Irving that had touch sensors and could move forwards, backwards, rotate, and ding its bell. The first turtle was a tethered floor roamer, not radio-controlled or wireless. Modern Logo has not changed too much from the basic concepts before the first turtle. ![]() A display turtle preceded the physical floor turtle. The first working turtle robot was created at MIT in 1969. The use of virtual Turtles allowed for immediate visual feedback and debugging. Modeled on LISP, the design goals of Logo included accessible power and informative error messages. The goal was to create a math land where kids could play with words and sentences. The first implementation of Logo, called Ghost, was written in LISP on an SDS 940. The first four years of Logo research, development and teaching work was done at BBN. Its intellectual roots are in artificial intelligence, mathematical logic and developmental psychology. Logo was created in 1967 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), a Cambridge, Massachusetts research firm, by Wally Feurzeig and Seymour Papert. It can be used to teach most computer science concepts, as UC Berkeley lecturer Brian Harvey does in his Computer Science Logo Style trilogy. The name is derived from the Greek logos meaning word, emphasising the contrast between itself and other existing programming languages that processed numbers. Bobrow, Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon. ![]() Logo was created in 1967 for educational use, more so for constructivist teaching, by Daniel G. Today it is remembered mainly for its turtle graphics, though for tertiary level teaching it has been superseded by Scheme, and scripting languages. It also has significant facilities for handling lists, files, I/O, and recursion. It was originally conceived and written as a functional programming language, and drove a mechanical turtle as an output device. It is an adaptation and dialect of the Lisp language some have called it Lisp without the parentheses. Logo is a multi-paradigm computer programming language used in education. Smalltalk, Etoys, Scratch, NetLogo, KTurtle, REBOL Multi-paradigm: functional educational, procedural, reflective ![]()
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